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Particle dynamics. --- Multiscale modeling. --- System theory. --- Programming (Mathematics) --- Algorithms.

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Should people hardwire computers into their brains, enabling their minds to directly access cyberspace? What advantages and risks would this represent? Would this create a new humanity? These questions have been considered and discussed in science fiction for decades, but technology is beginning to make such developments seem remarkably plausible. This book examines what is currently taking place in this fast-developing sector of society while looking at future prospects. In so doing it seeks to integrate technological and scientific developments, political debate as well as philosophical interrogation while involving ethicists, policy makers, journalists, and practitioners. It is the first extensive study on a topic that is certain to significantly impact the 21st century and beyond. It opens the first door to this important debate.

Brain-computer interfaces. --- Human-computer interaction. --- Cybernetics --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- BCIs (Brain-computer interfaces) --- Brain-machine interfaces --- Computer-brain interfaces --- Direct neural interfaces --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Mechanical brains --- Control theory --- Electronics --- System theory --- Computer-human interaction --- Human factors in computing systems --- Interaction, Human-computer --- Human engineering --- User-centered system design --- Philosophy --- Singularity --- Transhumanism --- Body modification --- Bioethics --- Public policy --- Moral philosophy --- Posthumanism

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This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This open access book offers comprehensive coverage on Ordered Fuzzy Numbers, providing readers with both the basic information and the necessary expertise to use them in a variety of real-world applications. The respective chapters, written by leading researchers, discuss the main techniques and applications, together with the advantages and shortcomings of these tools in comparison to other fuzzy number representation models. Primarily intended for engineers and researchers in the field of fuzzy arithmetic, the book also offers a valuable source of basic information on fuzzy models and an easy-to-understand reference guide to their applications for advanced undergraduate students, operations researchers, modelers and managers alike.

Engineering. --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Computational intelligence. --- Control engineering. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Control. --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Automation --- Programmable controllers --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Control and Systems Theory. --- Decision making. --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Decision making --- fuzzy prediction models --- uncertainty modeling --- trend processing --- propagation of uncertainty --- fuzzy arithmetic --- analysis --- defuzzyfication --- Kosinski’s fuzzy numbers

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The overall aim of this book, an outcome of the European FP7 FET Open NESS project, is to contribute to the ongoing effort to put the quantitative social sciences on a proper footing for the 21st century. A key focus is economics, and its implications on policy making, where the still dominant traditional approach increasingly struggles to capture the economic realities we observe in the world today - with vested interests getting too often in the way of real advances. Insights into behavioral economics and modern computing techniques have made possible both the integration of larger information sets and the exploration of disequilibrium behavior. The domain-based chapters of this work illustrate how economic theory is the only branch of social sciences which still holds to its old paradigm of an equilibrium science - an assumption that has already been relaxed in all related fields of research in the light of recent advances in complex and dynamical systems theory and related data mining. The other chapters give various takes on policy and decision making in this context. Written in nontechnical style throughout, with a mix of tutorial and essay-like contributions, this book will benefit all researchers, scientists, professionals and practitioners interested in learning about the 'thinking in complexity' to understand how socio-economic systems really work.

Physics. --- Operations research. --- Decision making. --- Complexity, Computational. --- Economic theory. --- Social sciences. --- Data-driven Science, Modeling and Theory Building. --- Methodology of the Social Sciences. --- Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods. --- Operation Research/Decision Theory. --- Complexity. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Complexity, Computational --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Decision making --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Computational Social Sciences. --- Civilization --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Electronic data processing --- Machine theory --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Engineering. --- Social sciences—Data processing. --- Social sciences—Computer programs. --- Methodology. --- Data processing. --- Computer programs. --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Sociophysics. --- Econophysics. --- Computational complexity. --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Economics --- Statistical physics --- Mathematical sociology --- Statistical methods --- Data-driven Science, Modeling and Theory Building --- Methodology of the Social Sciences --- Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods --- Operations Research/Decision Theory --- Complexity --- Computational Social Sciences --- Complex Systems --- Biotechnology --- Quantitative Economics --- Operations Research and Decision Theory --- Applied Dynamical Systems --- Behavioral economics --- Complex socio-economic systems --- Econophysics and Social Dynamics --- Information economy and policy informatics --- Paradigm shift in economic thinking --- Social dynamics in policy --- Quantitative social sciences --- Social research & statistics --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Management decision making --- Cybernetics & systems theory --- Computer applications in the social & behavioural sciences